There are three different types energy systems tha Essays

There are three different types energy systems that our body uses to attain energy for. These can include various activities however these energy systems are specifically for sports related activities. These systems include our lactic acid system, aerobic system, and our aerobic lactic system. The first energy system, lactic acid uses stored fuel of glycogen to remake ATP. Glycogen being a form of energy storage and ATP energy for muscle contraction, this energy system is very vital in sports that require high intensity. Examples include 400m run, 800m run and running in touch and requires high oxygen consumption to perform properly. The lactic acid system fits perfectly with the touch position middle. This is because they are constantly running at a high intensity. The second energy system Aerobic is a necessary system to have. This is due to its utilization. It provides energy for low activities that time can range from five minutes to hours. This is through Aerobic glycolysis. Aer obic Glycolysis is when glucose which an energy source, transforms into a lactate. This occurs when limited amounts of oxygen are available and the need of oxygen consumption is highly required as it takes a long period of time to overload. Examples of activities that require this energy system are long distance running, long distance walking, and cycling. In touch, there are no positions that this would suit this energy system. This is because touch is a high-intensity sport. This means that you are either lightly jogging or sprinting and this energy system doesn't fit into any those descriptions. The last energy system is the aerobic lactic acid system. This energy system is efficient when producing energy during short, intense activities. The time range can range from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. This is called aerobic glycolysis. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP. In anaerobic glycolysis, the glucose (sourced from glycogen in the muscle or glucose in the blood) is turned into lactic acid as it produces ATP. This ATP can be used for a short burst quick of energy. Activities that suit these energy systems include 200m runs, tennis shots and javelin. Touch positions that also suit this are the wings. This is because their roles can involve running long distances at a high intensity. The oxygen consumption that is needed is high but not vital. This is because the main energy source isn't coming from oxygen itself it coming from aerobic glycolysis.

Free Essays on Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds

According to Shakespeare’s Let Me not to the Marriage of True Minds, when one is in love you must admit your faults. It is not love if you cannot get through a tough time in your relationship. If love is true, then both partners will stay true. Love is secure and constant; it will never change over time. It can guide you when you feel lost. If you feel that your love has gone astray, follow your heart; if it is meant to be, it will find a way back. Although no one can understand it, everyone goes the distance for love. Love is when you stick by that one person through thick and thin, no matter what. Love needs no map, it can find it’s own way blindfolded. Shakespeare states that if he is wrong about love and it can be proved, then he has never written and no one has ever experienced love.... Free Essays on Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds Free Essays on Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds According to Shakespeare’s Let Me not to the Marriage of True Minds, when one is in love you must admit your faults. It is not love if you cannot get through a tough time in your relationship. If love is true, then both partners will stay true. Love is secure and constant; it will never change over time. It can guide you when you feel lost. If you feel that your love has gone astray, follow your heart; if it is meant to be, it will find a way back. Although no one can understand it, everyone goes the distance for love. Love is when you stick by that one person through thick and thin, no matter what. Love needs no map, it can find it’s own way blindfolded. Shakespeare states that if he is wrong about love and it can be proved, then he has never written and no one has ever experienced love....

Definitions and Examples of Partitives in Grammar

Definitions and Examples of Partitives in Grammar   In English grammar, a partitive is a word or phrase (such as some of or a slice  of) that indicates a part or quantity of something as distinct from a whole.Partitive is also called partitive noun or partitive noun phrase and is from the Latin partitus, relating to a part. Partitives can appear before mass (or noncount) nouns as well as count nouns. Although most partitive constructions refer to a quantity or amount, some are used to indicate quality or behavior (the kind of teacher  who ... ).  Ã‚   Examples and Observations You must have been warned against  letting the golden hours slip by. Yes, but some of them are golden only because we let them slip. (J.M. Barrie, Courage. Rectorial Address delivered at St. Andrews University, May 3, 1922)Computers make it easier to do a lot of things, but most of the things they make it  easier to do, dont need to be done. (Andy Rooney on 60 Minutes)Now Murrells eyes followed an ant on a blade of grass, up the blade and down, many times in the single moment. (Eudora Welty, A Still Moment. The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty. Harcourt, 1980)Soap gumdrops, soap cigars, soap pickles, soap chocolates, and even a bar of soap that dyed its user an indelible blue made life exciting for the friends of a Johnson Smith addict. (Jean Shepherd, A Fistful of Fig Newtons. Random House, 1981)Not a part of the rock or a speck of moss or a streak of some other mineral, it was one of those stubborn bits of green felted cardboard that these rocks were always fixed on inside of the boxes. (Sharon Fiffer, Buried Stuff. Minotaur Books, 2010) It doesn’t matter if you’re a high school kid on your bike, or if you’re an egghead like me with a  boatload  of degrees. Anybody can be a birder. (Ben Kingsley as Lawrence Konrad in A Birders Guide to Everything, 2014)I am not just some here-today-gone-tomorrow  sort of person who blows hot and cold  like a feather in the windblown about by air. Oh no. Believe me, my love for you is, was and always will be true and oh-so-real. (Dawn French, Dear David Cassidy in  Dear Fatty.  Arrow Books, 2009) Partitives With Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns Count nouns that can act as the first element in such a structure (e.g. piece, bit, sort, etc.) are partitive nouns or partitives. Some words that form the second part of the construction take specific partitives (also called unit nouns) a Partitives are useful because they provide a means of counting uncount nouns.(Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner, Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1994) Partitives With Nouns of Location and Time Partitives are  found with nouns of location (the end of the street, the back of the house etc.) and time (the end of the day, the middle of the week, the beginning of the month). These partitives of location and time are almost always found with the frame the partitive of the noun. (Dave Willis,  Rules, Patterns and Words: Grammar and Lexis in English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press,  2003)  One day toward the end of the  month the wind veered around  to the southwest again and clouds moved in, bringing with them a heavy downpour. (John Hanson Mitchell,  Living at the End of Time: Two Years in a Tiny House.  University Press of New England, 2014)   Partitives With Foods and Liquids Some partitives, such as gallon/liter of, can be applied to any head noun that is a liquid, and partitives such as ton/gram/pound of can be used to quantify anything that is appropriately measured by weight. Similarly, partitives such as a bottle of can be applied to different types of liquids that come in this container (e.g., beer, wine, catsup, milk). In contrast, partitives used to quantify food are more restricted. Portions of baked goods such as cake, pie, pizza, and bread are measured by slices, and only bread is quantified by the partitive count noun loaf. Certain types of vegetables (e.g., cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce) are quantified by head.  (Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008)  The pub is very smart  and popular with foreigners, who can order Leopold Blooms lunch- a gorgonzola sandwich and a glass of burgundy- for about fifteen dollars during the summer high season. (Bill Barich,  A Pint of Plain: Tradition, Change and the Fate of the Irish Pub.  Bloomsbury, 2010) Functions of Partitives Partitive expressions collocate strongly with particular non-count nouns: a​ ... Partitive expressions commonly refer to the shape, size, movement or the amount of something: Theres a whole ... Some partitive expressions with -ful refer to containers or spaces which commonly hold the item referred to. These include bowlful of, cupful of, fistful of, handful of, mouthful of, spoonful of: He gave me a The plural of such expressions is usually formed by adding -s after -ful.(Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy, Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2006)

The Royal National Institute for Blind People (RNIB) Assignment - 1

The Royal National Institute for Blind People (RNIB) - Assignment Example The present research has identified that the RNIB need donations to stay afloat.   How the organization goes about getting that support is as yet unknown, but it is hoped that the RNIB will read these recommendations and take them seriously enough to consider implementing all, if not a few of, the suggested media campaigns.   These various campaigns span a wide variety of strategies in order to get the most profitability with regard to how donations are collected. That having been said, it is hoped that several of the strategies to be discussed in this report will be ultimately implemented. Hopefully, these strategies will alleviate some key financial stresses. The general role of advertising—in other words, the advertising campaign that will be conducted—will be focused on improving the livelihoods of several people who use the RNIB in order to provide the services and materials as blind or partially sighted people. â€Å"The Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB) is the leading charity providing practical support, advice, and information for the one million blind and partially sighted people in the UK†. In order to generate revenue, basically, the RNIB needs to conduct some sort of marketing campaign, which will be discussed further in other sections. Generally, however, the role of advertising is to convince the public that funds must be solicited, and elicited, in order to keep its platform and variety of services available for the portion of the public which is blind or partially sighted. Some of the key messages that must be presented are that: a) this is a good cause which benefits the disabled or partially disabled residents of the UK; b) in order to continue providing their clients service, they need funds; and c) without additional funding, the RNIB would probably not be able to continue servicing their clients. That is the message to prospective customers. The messages to current consumers of RNIB is that they must get on the bandwagon in order to promote RNIB or there are going to be serious consequences—one of those consequences, namely being, that RNIB could potentially shut its doors forever without receiving adequate support.

Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health - Essay Example Addressing health impairment factors with substance abusers is called â€Å"Fear appeals†, the individual can be taught about the hazards involved in abusing drugs and explaining the entire bodily, mechanism that is hampered as a result of the drugs. In order to convey the message of the fear appeal, the substance abuser must be sober at that time and one another factor that would be more effective in dealing with the problem is not inducing excessive amount of fear in the client. If the fear appeal induces excessive fear the client is likely to suppress these unpleasant feelings as quickly as possible and though, for a short period of time he may quit substance abuse but the behavior may relapse once the fear subsides. Therefore, clinicians must exercise caution. 2. Would it make a difference how old the substance abuser is? Age is an extremely significant factor in determining the effects of addressing the health impairment factor. For instance, if the substance abuser is yo ung there is a high possibility that the individual began abusing drugs only recently.

Board Game Essay Example for Free

Board Game Essay Introduction Board games used for a number of educational purposes, as have been proven to help stimulate the minds of children in a fun and informative way. Learning things like conservation of energy, mathematical operations can be difficult for young children, usually depending on their age and the amount of attention they have received on the object. It has also been long proven that most children have a better time learning skills when they are presented in a fun, interactive format, and giving educational math board games on which to make their stand. Sci Damaths ( Sci = Science, Dama = Pinoy game checker board, maths = mathematics) is one such board game which helps children to easily begin to master the skills of basic math and energy conservation. The game plays out across a table, much like Pinoy typical game DAMA . There are 24 chips in each set of the game, which come in editions for each basic math science skill. Some set focus on addition, while others help players learn their addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division skills. The easy format helps any player to adapt quickly to the game and with a fun, slightly competitive atmosphere; the learning aspect of the game may even go entirely unseen. Sci Damaths can help children learn how to complete their math and science skills more quickly. This teaches children to think fast, trying to encourage them to learn how to complete the skills within a short time limit. However, players must be careful about the game, for if they end up with accumulated score in any turn. This game is incredibly popular, as it encourages quick thinking in an easy to learn, fun setting, and many children have greatly benefited from playing with it. Sci Damaths is a great example of a game that gives children the chance to learn a number of basic math science skills and the order of operations potentially without them even realizing it. Racing across a board made of different numbers, the players try to correctly solve variations. However, the game is not as simple as just taking chips by solving variations, for other players have the chance to either steal or swap chips, helping to complete their own and control another. This game raises the level of challenge, making the game excited, tough experience for any players participating. With such an exciting environment provided by the game, it is no wonder that Sci-Damaths game help players to learn their techniques so quickly. Teaching math and science to young children has never been easier or more enjoyable. Sci-damaths is a Mathematical board game invented by five time national awardee Jesus L. Huenda. It is coined from the Filipino checker board game â€Å"Dama†. It started in Sorsogon national High School. There were series of National Sci-Damaths competition sponsored by DepEd and other private firm. Sci-Damaths is a game designed for elementary pupils and high school students. It is a game of mind, which is governed by the moves of the players. It characterized a mental competition between two opposing players where the one with an alert mind and strength to achieve something, wins this battle of minds. It is a board game played by two players, with one player having 12 chips and the other player having 12 chips have individual uniqueness and can move only in a specific way. The decisive objective of the game Sci-Dama is to build up lesser points and for Damath game is to accumulate greater points. HOW TO PLAY SCI-DAMATHS? 1. Prepare the following: a. Sci- dama board for science and damath board for mathematics b. 24 chips C. Scoresheet SCI- DAMATHS SCORESHEET Player : ________________________ Win:_______ Lose: _______ c. calculator ( optional) d. arbiter/teacher 2. Set the position of the chips according to the level of the game. Damath MATHEMATICS Counting Damaths Whole Damaths Fraction Damaths Integer Damaths Rational Damaths Radical Damaths Polynomial Damaths Binary Damathan Sci Dama SCIENCE Water patrol Dama Power patrol sci dama Electro sci dama Dama Sci notation THI Sci Dama Thermo Sci Dama 3. Fill up the score sheet. SCI DAMATHS SCORESHEET 4. Follow the sci- damaths rules. RULES OF THE SCI DAMATHS TO BEGIN THE GAME†¦ 1. Toss a chip/coin to decide who move first. 2. The two players alternately take turn in moving a piece. ( Pass is not allowed) 3. Touch move shall be observed in the game. A player who touches a chip is required to move unless it is illegal to do so. 4. After making a move, a player shall record his move in one score sheet only. 5. Only one score sheet will be used by the two players in a game. 6. Each player is only allowed one minute to move including the recording. However in taking or capturing the chip or chips one minute rule will not use. 7. A warning is given to player by the arbiter if no move is made after one minute, and consequently, he is forced to move a chip. 8. Continuous violation of this rule # 7 will disqualify the player even if he is leading in the score sheet at the time of the violation, 4th violation means disqualification. 9. All moves should be in the forward direction except taking a chip ( forward or backward) or if a chip is already a dama. 10. A chip is declared a â€Å"dama† if it reaches and stops terminally in any of the following squares of the opposing player: (1,0) (3,0) (5,0) ( 7,0)similarly , the opposing player’s chip is declared a ‘dama† if it reaches and stops terminally in any of the following squares: (0,7) (2,7) ( 4,7) ( 6,7) 11. Once a chip is declared a â€Å"dama†, it could slide diagonally forward in any vacant square provided no opposing chip blocks it. It could take a chip or chips and double the score. 12. Similarly, if any ordinary chip takes a â€Å"dama† or a â€Å"dama† takes another â€Å"dama† the score in both situations is doubled . ( x two ) x ( four) 13. A player can take one chip or more than one chips with the required option to take the greater number of chips. 14. Between a â€Å" dama† taking a chip and a chip taking another chip, the former is obliged. Between a â€Å"dama† taking a chip and a â€Å"dama† takes two or more chips, the later prevails. 15. â€Å"Dama† chip should be identified by encircling the chip in the score sheet. 16. The game ends after 20 minutes. 17. The game also ends if: a. the moves are repetitive. b. A player has no more move. c. A player has no more chip. d. A chip is cornered. e. A player resign f. Both players agree to a draw 18. The remaining chips or chip of player is added to his total score. 19. If the remaining chip is a â€Å"dama†, the value of the chip is doubled. 20. The player with the greater accumulated total wins the games except sci-dama. 21. If both players have the same score or tie is recorded as ? ? , essentially half a point rather than the full point for a win. 22. The player may or may not use a calculator. 23. Only players are allowed to raise questions during the game through the arbiter and should be solved immediately. 24. Arbiter is always right in his decisions. SPECIAL MOVES AND SCORES â€Å"DAMA† chip can move or takes a piece to any unoccupied square along the diagonal path. DAMA takes Ordinary, times 2. Ordinary takes Dama , times 2. Dama takes Dama, times 4. Dama remaining chip, times 2. Mayor tatlo or dalawa, mayor tatlo, prevail. Mayor tatlo, dalawa over dama prevail. Illegal or incorrect move-entries must be corrected. The ‘taker’ chip is always the addend ( addition ), minuend ( subtraction ) multiplicand (multiplication), dividend ( division) and augend ( binary ). DRAWS Between evenly matched opponents, damath games will sometime end in draws. So whats a draw? Thats when nobody wins. In tournaments, draws are recorded as ? ? , essentially half a point rather than the full point for a win. There are two kinds of draws to discuss briefly. 1. Draws by agreement. This kind of draw is the most common. At any time in the game, you can offer a draw to your opponent. Be mindful of good etiquette, however. Dont offer a draw on every move! And be sure to offer the draw correctly. Make your move, offer the draw (I offer a draw is fine) and only then inform your arbiter (assuming that you have arbiter. An offer of a draw without making a move is NOT a legal offer and can be ignored by arbiter. 2. Threefold repetition regardless of score You or your opponent can claim a draw if the same position occurs fourth times in the same game, all with the same player to move. Such repetitions can easily occur in endgames when one player is using DAMA chips. To claim such a draw, you need to have an accurate scoresheet and demonstrate to the tournament arbiter that the claim is valid. To claimed such a draw both players must be correct, agreed to the draw! FOR TEACHERS Addition and subtraction of binary numbers When adding binary number A B . A is called the augend and B is called the addend. When subtracting binary number A, I, e. A – B = C, A is called the minuend, B is called the subtrahend and C is called the difference. When multiplying A by B to give C, i. e. A x B = C, A is called the multiplicand, B the multiplier and C the product. When dividing number a is called the dividend, B the divisor and C the qoutient. What is Sci- Damaths? Sci–Damaths ( Sci = Science, Dama = Pinoy game checker board, maths = mathematics) is a line of attact and sound addition, subtraction, multiplication and division game between two players that is enjoyed by pupils and students, from classroom to home. Though the game of sci-damaths has taken many variations over its long time, todays form entered the digital age, as games and tournaments are played online and via email. Using a Pinoy checker board composed of grids and diagonal lines , the game against anothers involves the use of strategic moves and techniques using the chips. Using the chips, players execute tactics to remove the challengers chips thru mathematical operations. Its significance to dramatize the importance of Science and Mathematics using the typical game of Pinoy called DAMA. It is played by two players who move by turns diagonally. How to play Sci-Damaths? Basically the rules in playing the Filipino checker board game DAMA will be used. CONSTRUCTION OF STANDARD SCI DAMATHS BOARD AND CHIPS ‘The Board’ the Sci-damaths board measures 32 cm x 32 cm with 8 x8 squares. It contains 24 chips in two colors ( 12 chips of each color). Each chip measure 2 cm in diameter. Notation Sci- Damath notation has its own system. Each row of squares across the board is numbered as 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 staring from left and right side of the board. Each column of squares running up the board is also numbered as 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 starting from left to right side of the board. Polynomial damath has its own notation ( 0,0), ( 0,0 ) ( 7,7) , ( 7,7) for corners of the sci-damath board. POWERS OF THE CHIPS The first example illustrates how the chip moves. It can move to any square marked with an X The chips can move to any vacant square. The chip can capture the opposing chip. The chip can move or capture in a diagonal way unless it is obstructed by a chip. The chip moves to square by going one square diagonally but not in a horizontal or vertical or form the square it occupies. The chip can jump over other chips in the course Of its move ( Pass is not allowed. ) The chip can capture diagonally forward or backward to the left or to the right. How to use the board? Set the starting position of the chips. Note that the chips must be arranged. According to position and the level of game. A move is the transfer of a chip diagonally From one square to another. A capture is the Removal of an opposing chip for the board; Mathematical operation will be used depending On the vacant square’s operation symbol where The â€Å" taker† chips land b jumping over the â€Å"taken† chip; it is accomplished by actually removing the â€Å" taken â€Å" chip. ( You cannot capture your own chip). Sci-Damath Operation Used ) will be used.? Mathematical operations ( + , -, x , Elementary Sci dama and counting damaths, plus and minus only. Secondary Sci Dama . THI only ( plus and minus). WRITING MOVES Suppose in the diagram below the white chips at ( 5,2) moves ( 6,3 ). This would be OPENING IS BEST: There is no answer to that question, its all a matter of style and personal fancy, its just the same with choice of defense, whatever actual openings you choose you must have a deep understanding of the ideas behind the opening play. Learning opening principle is easy it is really just a matter of knowing what not to do. Learning in a series of opening moves wont make you better damath player. There is no point in studying the opening if you don’t understand the middle game and if you don’t understand he end game. WHAT MAKES A DAMATH PLAYER? 1. The ability to calculate accurately and quickly will be useful. 2. A good memory will also be used. 3. The ability to think logically must help. 4. The ability to concentrate. HOW TO HANDLE TIME TROUBLE? 1. Concentrate on the position alone. 2. Time spent writing can’t be spent thinking. 3. Don’t keep looking at the clock. 4. Don’t panic. â€Å" YOU CAN’T SAY ANYTHING MAKES A GOOD PLAYER EXCEPT HARD WORK. † FINDING THE RIGHT MOVE The answer is to select one of the moves straight away, toss a coin if necessary! Check that it is good ,and play it. TAKING YOUR OPPONENTS SERIOUSLY Remember , you may not think your opponent is good enough to beat you, but you can always play badly enough to lose him! AVOIDING BLUNDERS To avoid making mistakes you should first understand why you make them. Blunders on the damath board are usually the result of carelessness or muddled thinking. You make mistake when you are tired or bored or when you have just win through the excitement of a complicated series of moves. Never relax and always stay calm. GAINING EXPERIENCE At every sci-damath club and contest there will be players keen to help and encourage you so long as you play and behave sensibly. Join a club, play in every contest you can, and don’t worry about losing by playing you gain experience. With experience you gain knowledge and become a better players†¦ good enough perhaps to become tomorrow’s champion!

The Function of the Chorus in Henry V Essay -- Papers Shakespeare Essa

The Function of the Chorus in Henry V "O for a muse of fire," The Chorus introduces the start of Henry V with imagery of flames and war. Shakespeare uses the Chorus to initiate the play and summarise each act to the audience before the next one begins. He is merely a tool to avoid the audience getting too confused. The function for the chorus is merely a practical one, by summarising the plot at every available opportunity; there is little chance for confusion, even if the audience do have to use their imagination. But, we must ask ourselves, if this was Shakespeare's only reason for including the Chorus, why does he not use a similar device in his other plays? Surely in all of his plays the audience have to imagine the setting (the stage of the globe was set in the round, and so had no room for large props and scenery), and many of his plays have more complex plots than this one, so why do we need the Chorus? The answer is the Chorus puts across a very clear view of warfare and Henry's kingship. It is a very romantic, idealised view, which uses over-zealous language, such as "two mighty monarchies" to create a strong glorified impact on the audience. They are building up the audience's expectations of this to be a mighty, glorious play. The use of the imagery of flames and fire repeats itself throughout the Chorus's scenes. "O for a muse of fire" is the very first line, which immediately conjures up a grand image. Flames represent war, but are also a typical representation of courage and bravery. When the Chorus says, "the youth of England are on fire," it imposes upon the audience the idea of keen anticipation and excit... ...nch of salt and are not really to be trusted. Certain productions of Henry V do glorify war, for example Laurence Olivier's production in the 1940's painted a beautiful, majestic picture of war, However after analysing the role of the Chorus in the play, I do not believe this play is a glorification of warfare. Henry's leadership is romanticised in the play considerably more than the idea of warfare. Productions such as Kenneth Brannagh's creation paint a far more realistic view of war, as a bloody, filthy affair. This is more what I feel the subtext of the play is. War is not really idealised in this play, it can be taken as being glorified, but because of Shakespeare's use of the structure of the play, and the Chorus's propaganda fabrications, the character of the Chorus does not in any way add to this glorification.

Historical Overview of South Africa’s Industrial Relations

1. INRODUCTION South Africa reflects a diverse country, rich in history and encourages â€Å"ubuntu†. This philosophy encompasses the spirit of community which summarises the extent to which everyone is connected to one another. However controversial issues were prevalent during South Africa’s industrial relations history. Issues which stood out were Apartheid; which segregated the South African society by race and class, as well as political and labour conflict were also highly controversial issues during the past. South Africa’s industrial relations history and workers rights is complex.Therefore it is necessary to view South Africa’s industrial relations in terms of an industrial evolution and economic overview in order to fully grasp it effectively. As understanding South Africa’s industrial historical significance is crucial as it ultimately shaped the labour laws which currently exist. This essay will investigate the historical overview of Sou th Africa’s industrial relations highlighting the most significant events which occurred within South Africa’s industrial history, in particular, the hey-day of the Apartheid era (1949-1973).The focus on this particular period will demonstrate the significance and impact it had on labour legislation and the industrial relations system in South Africa at that time. The National Party (NP), a new party within the South African government in 1948, institutionalised Apartheid as a central plank of South African government policy(Van Den Bergh& van Niekerk, 2009:55). Yet in the same year the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was formed by the United Nations General Assembly.Even though South Africa was a United Nations member they continued to pursue their newly institutionalised government policy, Apartheid. The international community made efforts to persuade the South African government to adhere to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights but their efforts were ign ored. During the Apartheid era the National Party used its repressive legislation to legally enforce racial segregation. This was an attempt to protect the minority which existed in South Africa, white South Africans. Government had to find ways to handle the conflict.Hence the use of labour laws as controls mechanisms by government. 2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA There were key events which occurred during the hey-day of the Apartheid era (1949-1973) which were highly significant. Labour laws, a popular control mechanism during Apartheid were heavily influenced by the events which took place during this period. These key events include the following: 2. 1 BOTHA COMMISSION OF 1953 Soon after the National Party came into power, the Botha Commission was introduced.The purpose of the Botha Commission was to investigate existing labour legislation at that time. The Commission was introduced with the intension that it would outline the establishment of Apa rtheid in the working environment and continue the suppression of black people (van den Bergh& van Niekerk, 2009:64). 2. 1. 1 The significance the Botha Commission of 1953 The Botha Commission was a significant as it purely focused on labour relations matters in South Africa at that time. This was crucial as South Africa was experiencing harsh economic conditions.During the early days of Apartheid there was generally dissatisfaction among South Africans of all races. This was mainly due to the fact that jobs were scarce, and there was a high influx of black people in urban areas which caused unrest in the townships (Bendix, 2010:68). Therefore the Commission argued that if black people were able to have party representation it would ultimately lead to equality amongst races within South Africa. However this went completely against what the government believed. If government followed through with what the commission recommended it would be putting the white superiority at risk. . 1. 2 The impact the Botha Commission had on labour legislation in South Africa The government ignored the Botha Commissions recommendations which included freedom of association and trade union rights. Therefore government passed two labour legislations to give effect to the Botha Commission. Firstly, to reinforce the governments Apartheid policy the Industrial Conciliation Act was passed. The Act was the final part to the government’s racially exclusive industrial system. The Act established racial divisions amongst workers which meant that there could not be trade unions which represented a variety of races.In addition trade unions with a variety of races had to divide their members by race then locate them in different trade unions according to their race. Furthermore certain work was reserved exclusively for workers of a particular race. This was known as job reservation. This meant labour market was being manipulated in such as a way that advanced white people in order to m aintain their supremacy. Secondly, government went against the recommendation that stated that black workers should be allowed regulation of rights. Government believed that this would encourage black trade unions.Therefore they implemented the Native Labour of disputes Act No. 48 of 1953. Later the Act was name changed to the Bantu Labour of Disputes Act. This Act ultimately aimed at prohibiting strike action by black workers. It repealed the War Measure 145; which banned black workers from taking part in strike action. In this way black workers had no way to resist the demands laid down by employers. 2. 1. 2 The role players to the labour relationship and their respective roles The specific role players who played a part in the Botha Commission included the following: 2. 1. 2. 1 The StateThe State is referred to as a self-governing political entity. In this case the South African State consisted of the National Party. The State facilitates the employment relationship between emplo yers and employees. The state is also regarded as the employer. In this case the state had to improve the economy as job was scarce. The government had to use the recommendations of the Botha Commission to improve the labour relations situation at that time. The Commission’s recommended that if black workers were granted representation of black workers in trade unions equality amongst races would take place.Government did not agree with this. However the Commission recommended separate bargaining councils for black workers, but made it clear that recognition of black trade unions should be under strict conditions. 2. 1. 2. 2 Employers The employers in this case the employers of concern was those who employed black workers. The employers lately had the attitude that if workers obeyed the rule and their demands they would take care of them appropriately. 2. 1. 2. 3 Employees Black workers were the employees of concern during the establishment of the Botha Commission.Due to stri ct conditions on trade unions and the banning of strikes employees had to obey and abide with what the employers wanted from them. 2. 1. 3 The approaches used in the employment relationship The approach used by the role players in the labour relationship determines the way in which the labour relationship takes place. 2. 1. 3. 1 Unitary Approach During the time period of the conception of the Botha Commission trade unions were viewed as trouble makers by government and employers. Therefore trade unions were limited in the way in which they could represent workers.As employers wanted employers to just abide to their demands and employees believed they had no rights they went along with what managers expected. Jobs was also scarce therefore going against employers could of led to their dismissal. Therefore trade unions involvement was seen as unnecessary. 2. 2 SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE 1960 On the 21 March 1960 masses of black people gathered at local police station, without their passes. Passes were compulsory for black people during this time and failure to carrying it was considered illegal. Protesters chanted and challenged neither police to arrest them for nor carrying their passes.The purpose of the protest was to demonstrate against pass laws. The march was coordinated by Pac. The protest was planned to be a non-violent protest that was planned to last five days starting from the 21st of March 1960. However the events on that day led to police firing on the crowd, killing 69 unarmed protesters and injuring hundreds. 2. 2. 1 The significance of Sharpeville Massacre 1960 The event sparked a major turning point in South Africa history. The Sharpeville Massacre as this day is known as received international coverage and the world was left shocked. There the world condemned the happenings in South Africa at that time.South Africa’s exclusion from the British Commonwealth 1961 marked the first diplomatic defeat against the Apartheid government. The government justified their actions by the possibility of black violence that could have sparked. South Africa was later sanctioned. The event was the reason public meetings were banned after that dreadful day, the 24th March 1960. On the 8th of April 1960 the ANC and PAC was banned and a State of Emergency was declared. 2. 1. 2 The impact Sharpeville Massacre had on labour legislation in South Africa The Suppression Act passed in the 1950’s was replaced by the Internal Security Act No. 4. The act defined communism as any policie aimed at brings about political, industrial, social and economical change in a union. It was evident that the Act was very broad. In 1960 the Unlawful Act No. 24 resulted in the ANC being banned. THE Suppression Act was then as a result of the happenings of the Sharpeville Massacre tightened. The Bantu Regulations Act No. 61 banned black workers from looking for employment in towns. Employers were also banned from hiring black workers unless they were employed through the State. 2. 2. 2 The role players to the labour relationship and their respective roles 2. . 2. 1 State The State in this case was the NP government. The State was responsible for the employer-employee relations. The government continued to further disadvantage black workers. This caused much tension as employers were being heavily controlled. 2. 2. 2. 2 Employers The employers had to adhere to the changes made by government. Therefore they had to adapt to the policies and labour legislations this caused tension between the private sector and public sector. 2. 2. 3 The approaches used in the employment relationship 2. 2. 3. 1 RadicalismConflict could not be resolved during this period by bargaining. Drastic measures were taken by international countries as they tried to stop the Apartheid regime. The Apartheid Government was exploiting the black workers and black people in general. The incidents that took place at Sharpeville were an example of how crimes against humanity were being made. The changes government made regarding who the employers can hire and where employers could work demonstrated the drastic steps taken by the government to keep their power and continue racial segregation. 2. 3 NATAL STRIKES 1973In 1973 bodies were being established which aimed for promotion of black workers interests. However the momentum towards dispention was mainly due to the Natal Strikes 1973. During 1973 an estimated 61 000 African and Indian workers in Natal took it upon themselves to go on strike. The strike took place in various industries and ultimately the industry was brought to a standstill. The strike began at the Coronation Brick which spread to the textile industry and later other industries as well as the Durban municipality. The strikes were purely coordinated by the workers themselves and not by any formal organisations.The workers were generally unsatisfied with their wages. This was mainly due to the fact that inflation was rapidly increasing at that time. 2. 3. 1 The significance of the Natal strikes 1973 The strikes were significant as it marked the first time workers embarked on such a large scale strike without the coordination of any formal organisations. Therefore this event demonstrated the actual power the workers possessed as a united force. This power meant that they could apply pressure on government on labour issues, such as employer-employee relations and minimum wages.Once the strikes ended black workers organised themselves into trade unions. These unions were separate from the trade unions which existed at the time. The trade unions which existed were mainly dominated by white workers. Therefore the newly formed black unions were referred to as â€Å"independent trade unions†. Although the strikes were illegal according to the labour legislation at the time, there were no arrests made. The large number of workers that participated in the strike action made it difficult for employers as well as the pol ice to punish them for their illegal strikes. . 3. 2 The impact the Natal strikes had on labour legislation in South Africa Due to the Natal strikes black workers new found power led to them being recognised as a force to be reckoned with. Therefore government responded by passing the Bantu Regulations Act of 1973. The Act was passed to regulate the procedures for establishing labour committees and disputes amongst employers and employees. This was crucial for government as the joint power of the workers put pressure on government and employers to accommodate them.The Act did not foster development of black unionism which was evident as black workers were assembled into committees created by employers and lacked bargaining power. The provisions of the Act excluded black worker in agriculture, gold and mining as well as government services. 2. 3. 2 The role players to the labour relationship and their respective roles The specific role players who played a part in the Natal strikes 1 973 were the following: 2. 3. 2. 1 Employees Employees are regarded as someone who works for someone else and in exchange receives remuneration.In this case the employees were the employees of Coronation Brick, textile industry and Durban municipality. Their roles consisted of the following: * Obedience and abiding decisions made by employer- Even though striking was illegal according to the labour legislation and they could face dismissal. These employees disregarded the law and their employer’s authority and decisions not to strike. * The assistance in the production of products- Strikes put these factories at financial risk as production was brought to a standstill. Without the employees assistance production could not take place. Participate in decision making of the organisation- Employees sought to have an opinion in matters that concerned the organisation. Yet they were refused by employers to have their say. The workers unexpected strike was the result of workers who made it known to employers and government that they are not satisfied with their wages and that they require an increase. 2. 3. 2. 2 Employers In this case the employers are the owners and management Coronation Brick and the companies that formed part of the textile industry such as Smith and Nephew Textile. Responsibility for the conduction of a successful organisation- As the factories aimed at making large profits they paid employees low wages. However the cheap labour resulted in short-term profitability. The large companies could not compete internationally as sanctions were put on South Africa and investor’s pulling out. * Coming up with strategies to deal with the Natal strikes- Various employers reacted in different ways to employees involved in the Natal strikes. These included the following: * Threatened dismissal Granted wage increases * Attempted to talk to workers and resolve the matter * Some made no attempts * Ensure growth- The industries were at a standstill which meant no production but there were still expenses. Therefore there was no growth. 2. 3. 2. 3 State The State is referred to as a self-governing political entity. In this case South African State consisted of the NP government. Their role was to regulate the employee-employer relationship as unemployment was high and wage disputes were rife. The government was to keep the economy stable.Yet inflation was increasing at a rapid pace. Government was not using labour legislation to improve the labour relations in the country at the time. Employees were not given increases even though inflation was high which further economically disadvantage black. 2. 3. 3 The approaches used in the employment relationship 2. 3. 3. 1 Radicalism Employers embarked on an unexpected illegal strike. This was a great risk as they could have been arrested. The circumstances which they were faced with led to this dramatic, unexpected decision to go on strike.Black workers were being exploited economically as they were paid extremely low wages without increase, even though inflation was rapidly on the high. Before the 1973 strikes attempts were made to solve wage issue. However this was not seen as a great priority to government. 3. CONCLUSION South Africa’s industrial relations history most significant period was the Apartheid era. It has and still influences today’s labour relations. Hence the importance of being well acquainted with the events which shaped the society we live in today.During the Apartheid era the National Party government used repressive legislation to legally enforce racial segregation. This was an attempt to protect the minority which existed in South Africa, white South Africans. There were key events during Apartheid such as the establishment of the Botha Commission, Sharpeville Massacre and the Natal strikes of 1973. Within the time periods these key events occurred white workers prospered under the rule of the National Party government whereas non-white workers were excluded. The government used the labour force to further racially divide South Africans.Therefore equality amongst the races did not exist which was their aim. However tension escalated within the country. As a result, strike action and protests soon persisted and government had to find ways to handle the conflict. Hence the use of labour laws as controls mechanisms by government. As Apartheid reached its boiling point the economy suffered and the government had to start considering the inevitable, democracy. 4. PERSONAL LEARNING REFLECTION Conducting research into South Africa labour history was a great learning experience as a Human Resource Management student and employee as well as a South African.Researching the labour history made it abundantly clear that clear that there needs to be understanding of the country’s history, in particular the labour history, not for hatred, but to avoid repetition of the imbalances of the Apartheid era. In contrast with the Apartheid government, the present government has made large strides in creating a country which exudes freedom, equality and non-discrimination. The research conducted not only gave me the opportunity to broaden my knowledge of labour history and improving my researching skills, but it gave me a new appreciation for the county’s government, laws and labour legislations.Sometimes it is easy to criticise the government, yet no thought is spared for those political figures, leaders and employees that fought for what ultimately exist today, in particular the labour laws which aim at protecting the employee. Focusing on the Apartheid era (1949-1973) I have come to understand that the labour market had fallen prey to the Apartheid government, and that we are still experiencing the effects of the Apartheid government’s actions. Labour legislations in today’s time are aimed at eradicating the imbalances of the past.Therefore as a potential Human Resource Manag er understanding the realities of what occurred and how it impacted the labour market in the past remains of curial importance. The National Party wanted supremacy yet they did not realise their actions would have major consequences. I view this as an example of how power used for greed and personal gain has tremendous consequences for all parties involved. Therefore as I have learnt these mistakes made in the past demonstrates how it can be used constructively as a point of reference when dealing with labour legislations to avoid the mistakes which were previously made by the Apartheid government.Although we do not face the same repressive laws as in Apartheid we should always aim Researching the past has made it clear that our diversity needs to be embraced, not frowned upon because we need to be united and not divided as we were in the Apartheid era. Although we do not face the same repressive laws as in Apartheid we should always make sure our diversity is represented in our lab our laws. Most importantly not being able to understand our past labour history we will not fully understand why they exist.

About School Essay

I believe in school now in days the curriculum kills our crea? vity. Not the teachers. The teachers are only there to help teach the curriculum. Now in days you can’t write whatever you want any more or do whatever you want any more in school. There is no choice. Its either op? on â€Å"A† or op? on â€Å"B†. Kids growing up in this era will have no imagina? on because it’s all straight forward stu$. Teacher get mad at you if you doodle on your paper or step out of line in the hall way. See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay Kids won’t want to be crea? ve because they won’t know what crea? ve is. I %nd that the curriculum is to worried on ge&ng the informa? on to the kids other than le&ng them %nd out ways to show the informa? on or talk about it. It’s just all wri? ng and wri? ng, no free choice anymore. In the poem it’s the same thing. The boy gets made fun of and hurt because he was trying to be crea? ve. No one can do their own stu$ anymore.

Periodic Law Definition in Chemistry

Periodic Law Definition in Chemistry The Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements recur in a systematic and predictable way when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Many of the properties recur at intervals. When the elements are arranged correctly, the trends in element properties become apparent and can be used to make predictions about unknown or unfamiliar elements, simply based on their placement on the table. Importance of Periodic Law Periodic Law is considered to be one of the most important concepts in chemistry. Every chemist makes use of Periodic Law, whether consciously or not, when dealing with the chemical elements, their properties, and their chemical reactions. Periodic Law led to the development of the modern periodic table. Discovery of Periodic Law Periodic Law was formulated based on observations made by scientists in the 19th century. In particular, contributions made by Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev made trends in element properties apparent. They independently proposed Periodic Law in 1869. The periodic table arranged the elements to reflect Periodic Law, even though scientists at the time had no explanation for why properties followed a trend. Once the electronic structure of atoms was discovered and understood, it became apparent the reason characteristics occurred in intervals was because of the behavior of electron shells. Properties Affected by Periodic Law The key properties that follow trends according to Periodic Law are atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and electron affinity. Atomic and ionic radius are a measure of the size of a single atom or ion. While atomic and ionic radius are different from each other, they follow the same general trend. The radius increases moving down an element group and generally decreases moving left to right across a period or row. Ionization energy is a measure of how easy it is to remove an electron from an atom or ion. This value decreases moving down a group and increases moving left to right across a period. Electron affinity is how easily an atom accepts an electron. Using Periodic Law, it becomes apparent the alkaline earth elements have a low electron affinity. In contrast, the halogens readily accept electrons to fill their electron subshells and have high electron affinities. The noble gas elements have practically zero electron affinity because they have full valence electron subshells. Electronegativity is related to electron affinity. It reflects how easily an atom of an element attracts electrons to form a chemical bond. Both electron affinity and electronegativity tend to decrease moving down a group and increase moving across a period. Electropositivity is another trend governed by Periodic Law. Electropositive elements have low electronegativities (e.g., cesium, francium). In addition to these properties, there are other characteristics associated with Periodic Law, which may be considered properties of element groups. For example, all of the elements in group I (alkali metals) are shiny, carry a 1 oxidation state, react with water, and occur in compounds rather than as free elements.

Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol Abuse Essay Alcohol Abuse Essay Alcohol is liquid distilled product of fermented fruits, grains and vegetables used as solvent, antiseptic and sedative moderate potential for abuse. Possible effects are intoxication, sensory alteration, and/or anxiety reduction. Symptoms of overdose staggering, odour of alcohol on breath, loss of coordination, slurred speech, dilated pupils, fetal alcohol syndrome (in babies), and/or nerve and liver damage. Withdrawal Syndrome is first sweating, tremors, then altered perception, followed by psychosis, fear, and finally auditory hallucinations. Indications of possible mis-use are confusion, disorientation, loss of motor nerve control, convulsions, shock, shallow respiration, involuntary defecation, drowsiness, respiratory depression and possible death. Alcohol is also known as: Booze, Juice, Brew, Vino, Sauce. You probably know why alcohol is abused some reasons are relaxation, sociability, and cheap high. But did you know that alcohol is a depressant that decreases the responses of the central nervous system. Excessive drinking can cause liver damage and psychotic behaviour. As little as two beers or drinks can impair coordination and thinking. Alcohol is often used by substance abusers to enhance the effects of other drugs. Alcohol continues to be the most frequently abused substance among young adults. HERE ARE SOME STRAIGHT FACTS ABOUT ALCOHOL.? Alcohol abuse is a pattern of problem drinking that results in health consequences, social, problems, or both. However, alcohol dependence, or alcoholism, refers to a disease that is characterized by abnormal alcohol-seeking behaviour that leads to impaired control over drinking. Short-term effects of alcohol use include: -Distorted vision, hearing, and coordination -Altered perceptions and emotions -Impaired judgment -Bad breath; hangovers Long-term effects of heavy alcohol use include: -Loss of appetite -Vitamin deficiencies -Stomach ailments -Skin problems -Sexual impotence -Liver damage -Heart and central nervous system damage -Memory loss Here are some quick clues to know if I, or someone close, has a drinking problem: -Inability to control drinkingit seems that regardless of what you decide beforehand, you frequently wind up drunk -Using alcohol to escape problems -A change in personalityturning from Dr. Jekyll to Mr. Hyde -A high tolerance leveldrinking just about everybody under the table -Blackoutssometimes not remembering what happened while drinking -Problems at work or in school as a result of drinking -Concern shown by family and friends about drinking If you have a drinking problem, or if you suspect you have a drinking problem, there are many others out there like you, and there is help available. You could talk to school counsellor, a friend, or a parent. Excessive alcohol consumption causes more than 100,000 deaths annually in the United States, and although the number shows little sign of declining, the rate per 100,000 population has trended down since the early 1980s. Accidents, mostly due to drunken driving, accounted for 24 percent of these deaths in 1992. Alcohol-related homicide and suicide accounted for 11 and 8 percent respectively. Certain types of cancer that are partly attributable to alcohol, such as those of the esophageus, larynx, and oral cavity, contributed another 17 percent. About 9 percent is due to alcohol-related stroke. One of the most important contributors to alcohol-related deaths is a group of 12 ailments wholly caused by alcohol, among which alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver and alcohol dependence syndrome are the most important. These 12 ailments together accounted for 18 percent of the total alcohol-related deaths in 1992. Mortality due to the 12 causes rises steeply into late middle age range and then declines markedly, with those 85 and over being at less than one-sixth the risk of 55 to 64-year olds. The most reliable data are for the 12 conditions wholly attributable to alcohol. The map shows these data for all people 35 and over. READ: Review Of On-Line Publications Essay PaperThe geographical distribution for men and women follows much the same pattern, although men are three times as likely to die of one of the 12 alcohol-induced ailments. The geographical distribution for whites and blacks follows roughly the same pattern but the rates for blacks are two and half times higher. In the late nineteenth century blacks, who were then far more abstemious than whites, were strong supporters of the temperance movement, but the movement in the South was taken over by whites bent on disenfranchising black people by any means possible, such .

IDiscusson board reply645 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

IDiscusson board reply645 - Coursework Example The Bible is full of teachings on rewards that should be fair and just (Deuteronomy 25:4). In most of Jesus’ teachings, one will be rewarded for what they have done. In business, this sets a yardstick for just and consistent compensations. The same principles are applicable to person-focused pay systems. Skills are acknowledged in the Bible the same way they are acknowledged in the business world as basis of competency-based pay. In 2 Chronicles 2:3, Huram-Abi is preferentially sent because he is â€Å"a man of great skill.† NIV (â€Å"BibleGateway.com,† n.d.). In the same way, Ecclesiastes 10:10 states that â€Å"If the ax is dull and its edge unsharpened, more strength is needed, but skill will bring success.† NIV. Those in leadership, according to the Word of God, should lead in all diligence and Colossians 3:23 admonish everyone that â€Å"whatsoever you do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men.† (AKJV). As such, everything one does should be to perfection and justly. The Bible is sensitive to equitable pay to everyone (PETER, n.d.), including the top executive by giving an analogy of an ox that ploughs in Deuteronomy 25:4 that says â€Å"Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out